太湖西山岛山坞村落空间特征分析

传统村落作为农耕文明生活、聚居、繁衍的空间单元,具有重要的研究价值。通过对太湖西山历史风貌、遗存保留较好的村落进行实地调查,发现它们多位于山坞地形之中,形成山坞村落。采用田野调查法,结合遥感卫星影像与文献查阅,详细阐述了西山山坞村落的空间构成要素、典型地形剖面及村落平面空间特征。西山山坞村落空间构成要素可分为外部非生产性空间、外部生产性空间与村落内部空间3个层次;按地形特征可分为深坞村和浅坞村两大类;按平面空间特征可分为鱼骨型、扇形型及团网型三大类。旨在更加科学地解读西山山坞村落营建过程中对于自然环境的适应能力,今后可在传统村落的保护、更新与活化中发挥价值。     

Bearing capacity of surface circular footings on granular material under low gravity fields

Low gravity fields have been simulated through magnetic acceleration to conduct experimental study on bearing capacity of circular footings on a type of crushable planetary regolith simulant,which has comparable density and particle size distribution of lunar soil.The load-settlement responses of surface spread footings are obtained by investigating the relative density,footing size and gravity effects.Applying the hyperbolic asymptote method,normalised foundation stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity are obtained by curve fitting and predicted by power functions using multivariate nonlinear regression.The results show that the nonlinear gravity effect is not negligible,related to stress condition,soil dilatancy and mobilised friction angle.A cone penetration test(CPT)-based method for prediction of bearing capacity is proposed with correlations between ultimate bearing capacity of footings and shallow penetration stiffness of CPTs,avoiding the uncertainties of soil property estimations.Analyses of allowable bearing capacity and footing influence zone in consideration of footing size and gravity effects could therefore improve the design of shallow foundations on the Moon and Mars,and provide new understandings and potential implications to the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on crushable granular material in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial geotechnical engineering.     

An improved specimen preparation method for marine shallow gas-bearing sand sediments and its validations

Instabilities of shallow gas-charged seabed are potential geological hazards in ocean engineering.In practice,the conventional field sampling techniques failed to obtain undisturbed gas-bearing sediments from the seabed for laboratory mechanical testing because of sensitive gas exsolution and escape from sediments.However,preparation of representative remoulded gas-charged specimens is a challenging issue,because it is rather difficult to quantitatively control the gas content and obtain uniform distribution of gas bubbles within the specimen.Given the above problems,this work proposes a reliable approach to reconstitute the high-saturation specimen of gas-charged sediments in the laboratory by an improved multifunction integrated triaxial apparatus(MITA).This apparatus is developed based on an advanced stress path triaxial system by introducing a temperature-controlled system and a wavemonitoring system.The temperature-controlled system is used to accurately mimic the in situ environments of sediments in the seabed.The wave-monitoring system is utilized to identify exsolution point of free gas and examine the disturbance of gas to specimens during gas exsolution.The detailed procedure of gassy specimen preparation is introduced.Then,the quality of prepared specimens using our improved apparatus is validated by the high-resolution micro-X-ray computed tomography(μCT)scanning test,from which bubble occurrence and size distribution within the gassy sand specimen can be obtained;and preliminary mechanical tests on gassy sand specimens with various initial saturation degrees are performed.The proposed specimen preparation procedure succeeds in proving the postulated occurrence state of gas bubbles in coarse-grained sediments and accurately controlling the gas content.     

山东山旺国家地质公园地质遗迹特征及地学意义

山东山旺国家地质公园以特异埋藏的古生物化石、典型的中新世地层剖面和完整的玛珥湖充填为代表,在世界范围内都具代表性,极具研究价值。本文在前人研究基础上,对园内地质遗迹资源按照《地质遗迹调查规范》(DZT 0303-2017)进行了重新分类,总结了地质公园的地质遗迹特征,尤其对地质公园产出的古生物化石分门别类进行了综述,后对地质公园地质遗迹资源的古生物学、地层学、沉积学、火山地质学的研究意义进行了探讨。本文工作可以为山东山旺国家地质公园在新一轮自然保护地体系建设工作中的保护、规划及研究提供参考价值。     

渤海浅层气防窜水泥浆体系的研究与应用

环空带压是渤海湾浅层气固井存在的一大技术难题,为此根据渤海湾浅层气特征,分析固井技术难点,设计了2种固井方案。方案A引入膨胀材料或增塑材料,方案B引入自修复材料。实验结果显示,当同时引入膨胀剂与纤维后,96 h胶结强度仅提高15%左右,因此可知水泥浆的防窜能力不会有明显改善。而引入自修复材料后,水泥石的裂缝封堵率达到95%以上。分析认为,方案B的自修复封堵性能和工程性能均满足设计要求,该水泥浆体系经现场应用,取得良好的施工效果。     

陶瓷超滤膜用于盐湖卤水提锂合格液的中试研究

为解决纳滤膜用于盐湖卤水镁锂分离中长时间运行后出现通量下降、膜污染和分离效率下降的问题,开展了将陶瓷超滤膜作为纳滤预处理措施用于盐湖卤水提锂合格液的中试研究。中试设在吸附提锂车间,进水为提锂工序中的合格液。结果表明,在冬天低温环境合格液浊度<50 NTU的条件下,以及在合格液浊度上升至50~170 NTU的极端进水水质条件下,陶瓷超滤膜均可在300 L/（m ²·h）的测试通量下稳定运行,过滤时间为30~50 min/周期。产水浊度稳定<0.1 NTU,优于后续纳滤系统进水要求。     

Regime shifts observed in Lake Kasumigaura,a large shallow lake in Japan: Analysis of a 40‐year limnological record

Lake Kasumigaura, which is composed of the two basins (Nishiura and Kitaura), is a large, shallow, hypereutrophic lake. Phytoplankton and water quality records from the past forty years were analysed to elucidate whether or not, when, and what type of certain regime shifts may have occurred, based on using inferential regime shift detectors. Characteristics of the phytoplankton and water quality changes were similar at 6 sampling sites in the two basins, with 20 water quality parameters being classified into four groups, based on cluster analysis. Shifts in dominant plankton groups (DPGs) and water quality occurring almost concomitantly, concentration on the period from 1987 to 1992 (Shift A) and from 1997 to 2001 (Shift B), with those observed for the two basins usually being similar with small differences. Two types of inferential regime shift detectors (sequential t‐test type; Rodionov's RSD and sequential F‐test type: package strucchange in R) yielded similar timings and significances of the shifts. Furthermore, changes in skewness and conditional heteroskedasticity (package early warnings in R) usually represented early warning signals before the shifts. Correlation analysis and ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) vs. total phosphorus (TP) supported the hypothesis that phosphorus was the phytoplankton biomass limiting nutrient, except for one period for the Nishiura basin. Neither the nitrogen:phosphorus (N/P) ratio hypothesis and ammonia–nitrate (NH₄‐N/NO₃‐N) hypothesis satisfactorily explain the DPGs before and after Shift A (Microcystis spp. and Planktothrix spp., respectively), although it may be possible that these ratios triggered the DPG change in this shift. A considerable increase in silicon was observed for Shift B when the DPGs changed from cyanobacteria to diatoms. Further studies on the accurate types and triggers of the regime shifts are necessary to better understand the interactions between ecosystem and water quality for this and similar lakes elsewhere.     

Lake management organizations in China

The paper analyses the range of lake management organizations (LMOs) established in China and proposes management recommendations for different lake types and contexts. Based on functions, regional coverage and sectoral focus, nine LMO patterns are identified, ranging from existing agency approaches in which there is no specific lake focus or institutional responsibility to comprehensive and powerful lake basin authorities. LMO development in China faces many challenges, including a preoccupation with organizational form rather than function and objectives, duplication with existing agency functions, and insufficient lake basin management and trans-jurisdictional coordination. We therefore propose that LMOs should be tailored to specific situations and problems, drawing distinctions between plateau, urban, plain, inland and wetland lakes as well as other contexts.     

DiSeg 1.0: The first system for Spanish discourse segmentation

Nowadays discourse parsing is a very prominent research topic. However, there is not a discourse parser for Spanish texts. The first stage in order to develop this tool is discourse segmentation. In this work, we present DiSeg, the first discourse segmenter for Spanish, which uses the framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory and is based on lexical and syntactic rules. We describe the system and we evaluate its performance against a gold standard corpus, divided in a medical and a terminological subcorpus. We obtain promising results, which means that discourse segmentation is possible using shallow parsing.     

多种监测方法在城口县庙坝镇堰塞湖抢险救灾工作中的综合运用

城口县庙坝镇堰塞湖抢险救灾工作中,综合采用了宏观巡查、裂缝观测、全站仪监测、GPS监测等多种监测手段,对滑坡堆积体进行全天候监测,为抢险救灾总体决策及24h不间断抢险施工提供了有力保障,成功进行了3次预警,避免了重大险情的发生。该文在分析各种监测方法特点的基础上,提出在地质灾害应急监测中多种监测方法综合运用的思路。